Revolutionary discipline is necessary. “All power to the soviets” was now a reality. Trotsky, Leon, History of the Russian Revolution, Pathfinder, 1980. Russian revolutionaries studied Marx’s teachings on the Paris Commune. A successful struggle with economic collapse and the lack of bread requires (1) ending the war as soon as possible, (2) transferring as soon as possible the entire vlast into the hands of the Soviets of Worker and Soldier Deputies. Our goal is not only to expose the lies, hypocrisy and bias of the billionaire class and their media: we seek to help the organising efforts of all those actively resisting the increasingly authoritarian rule of the corporate rich, here and overseas. But nowhere in all this do we find the slogan, “All power to the soviets.” The thought is there, yes, but not the slogan. That is why they spoke of a “democratic” revolution – limited to what could be achieved within capitalism. Historian China Miéville notes that on March 10 the Petrograd Soviet won agreement from local employers to institute the eight-hour-day, a central working-class demand. All Power to the Soviets! Our delegate is obliged to act in the Soviet on the basis of this mandate. ‘All Power to the Soviets’ – A slogan that launched a revolution November 28, 2017 ‘All power to the soviets of workers, soldiers, and peasants,…’ The following talk was presented by video to meetings organized by Socialist Alliance in Australia on 7 November 2017. This blog features my current articles and some of my past writings that still seem relevant. Some maintain that the initial wrong position flowed from a flaw in Bolshevik strategy going back to 1905. As Trotsky later wrote, alienation from the Provisional Government embraced not only workers and locally garrisoned soldiers but “all the variegated small people of the towns – mechanics, street peddlers, petty officials, cab-drivers, janitors, servants of all kinds.” He continued: The masses poured into the Soviet as though into the triumphal gates of the revolution. There was an array of other questions, such as on Lenin’s insistence that workers should not place demands on the Provisional Government, questions that were resolved through discussion. Not the “kontrol” of the capitalists, but only the kontrol of the Soviets of Worker and Soldier Deputies can give bread to the cities, and cheaper industrial items to the villages. Bolsheviks took the lead in mobilizing workers for the city’s defense. Alert: The deadline for booking a place on this course has passed. Alexander Kerensky, head of the Provisional Government was in negotiations with a right-wing general, Kornilov, with the goal of occupying Petrograd with right-wing detachments and suppressing radical workers and their soviets. Only then can we end the war and bring Russia to happiness. A Provisional Government that still consists of a majority of capitalists cannot successfully struggle against economic collapse. During the workers’ and soldiers’ mobilization against Kornilov, the demand “all power to the soviets” was reasserted, in various wordings, by workers’ assemblies and also by Bolshevik leader Anatoly Lunacharsky. In 1917 Trotsky’s views converged with those of the Bolsheviks, and he joined them soon after his return to Petrograd in May. Lenin said it was a chance for a peaceful transfer of power. On 27 February 1917, the ancient Russian empire of the Tsars collapsed, toppled by an uprising of workers and soldiers in its capital, Petrograd. I have been active in the revolutionary socialist movement in Canada, the United States and Europe since the 1960s. Kornilov then rose in revolt, backed by a number of top army commanders. Chamberlin, William Henry, The Russian Revolution, 1917-1918, Princeton University Press, 1987. They sparked a debate in the Bolshevik party, whose meaning is even today disputed among socialist historians. The hopes and the efforts of revolutionary predecessors come alive in us and find expression in our movements. The Tsar, among his last actions, had dissolved their parliament, the State Duma. Lih explains that purpose of the “mandate” was to help the Soviet constituency distinguish genuine revolutionary candidates from those revolutionaries in name only who advocated participation in the Provisional Government and support for its war effort against German aggression. Celebrate the Russian Revolution" Ten Days That Shook the World: The coming storm. On 4 April Lenin returned to Russia from exile and presented the Bolsheviks with a series of proposals called the April Theses. No disorders should be permitted. Later that month, the Provisional Government reaffirmed its loyalty to its allies’ war aims of conquest. In early May, for example, 900 Muslim delegates from every part of Russia, a quarter of them women, met in conference in Moscow to debate their future. They convened a meeting of an as-yet-nonexistent Petrograd workers’ “council” – the Russian word is “soviet” – to be held that evening. 99, July 18, 1917. By Lars Lih. When Kerensky assembled armed forces to secure his regime, the Soviet defense structure was already in place to head this off. In May and June the slogan caught on and won wide support. Five episodes from the 1917 Russian Revolution . How, then, can anyone oppose the transfer of all power in the state to the Soviets? Long may you live. The two counterposed outcomes envisaged by moderate and radical socialists both materialized simultaneously. The 8-hour day must be introduced for all men and women workers in the towns and villages, with rises in working wages that will at least keep pace with the cost of living. The Bolsheviks now faced a crucial decision. So where did it come from? 'All Power to the Soviets!' His groundbreaking work established the unique interpretation of the Soviet Union as a bureaucratic, state-centered version of capitalism, rather than a workers' state. The call “All power to the soviets” was taken up by armed rallies and marches, in which the Bolsheviks took the lead. autonomies.org/2017/05/the-russian-revolution-of-1917-all-power-to-the-soviets Any delay will put the whole enterprise under threat. The notion of worker-peasant power is clearly stated. It preserves the profits of the capitalists and the advantages of the landowners. Their conclusion: Definitely yes. In the April 1917 discussion, Lenin called for a forceful campaign for the soviets to assume power. All power to the Soviets! Miéville, China, October: The Story of the Russian Revolution, Verso, 2017. By John Riddell. Al Richardson. This course is now closed for applications. The Russian word vlast’ (power) implies “sovereign authority,” so dual power signifies an abnormal, contradictory situation. From his refuge in nearby Finland, Lenin then proposed to drop the slogan “All power to the soviets.” It was now wholly compromised by the moderate soviet leaders’ support for right-wing repression, he said. See table of contents on https://johnriddell.wordpress.com.). All Power to the Soviets! A number of relevant studies are posted on my personal website. The following talk was presented by video to meetings organized by Socialist Alliance in Australia on 7 November 2017. Biography of a Slogan - The Bullet Factory workers meet in St Petersburg in 1917. Blanc, Eric, Did the Bolsheviks Advocate Socialist Revolution in 1917 (and other articles), https://johnriddell.wordpress.com. Anyone who deviates from this path will be recalled by us, and in his place we will elect another delegate who supports our views. No confidence to the “defensist” parties that preach agreement with the capitalists and participation in a government of capitalists! Published according to the Pravda text. “All power to the Soviets!” is surely one of the most famous slogans in revolutionary history. It was noticed by a reporter from Pravda, the Bolshevik paper, who mentioned it in an article. It is a vital link in a chain of memory of struggles by working people that shaped our present world. Amid excitement and confusion, they met and took decisions: for a workers’ militia to replace the police; for a food commission to assure supply; for a permanent structure: a Presidium and an Executive to which it would report. Kamenev, for the Bolsheviks, proposed to the Petrograd Soviet a motion for a government “of workers and poor peasants only” to institute radical land reform, workers’ supervision of industry, and a democratic peace – a tactful reformulation of the Soviet power demand. In the factories the committee-rooms were filled with stacks of … Such opposition means nothing but renouncing democracy! Bolsheviks would tolerate it, they said, while continuing to seek support in soviet bodies. Hundreds of protesters were killed in these attacks and hundreds more arrested. 1,292 talking about this. Writing in mid-March, Bolshevik leader Lev Kamenev expressed party strategy in carefully chosen words: the bourgeoisie “will inevitably attempt to halt the revolutionary movement and not permit it to … satisfy the essential needs of the proletariat and peasantry.” These needs can be met only “when power in all its plenitude is in their own hands…. But it had an obvious weakness: The Mensheviks and SRs leading the Soviet Executive rejected it, still refusing to accept governmental responsibility. Its adopted decrees for an armistice and peace negotiations and for land to the peasants. Agreement [soglashenie] with the capitalists, leaving the capitalist gentlemen with the vlast, prolongs the war and worsens the situation within the country. We must not wait for the Constituent Assembly, which has not yet even been summoned. Socialists of all countries must follow the example of Karl Liebknecht, who is sentenced to hard labour because he fought the good fight against “his” [Friedrich] Wilhelm [the German Emperor] and “his” capitalists. But when the Soviet Executive Committee met the following day, its moderate socialist leaders – mostly aligned with the Mensheviks or Socialist Revolutionaries (called SRs) – were determined to vest power in the Duma deputies. Setbacks were soon to follow: rightist revolts, foreign invasions, blockade, civil war, and collapse of the Soviet governmental coalition, leaving the Bolsheviks to rule alone. By “dictatorship,” Kamenev was referring to a form of democratic mass rule. A page made to gather and propagate materials about Communist countries, Communism, and topics related. An alliance of workers and peasants should therefore establish their own revolutionary government, independent of the bourgeoisie. Decrees followed quickly, addressing the main needs of the country: provision of food; freedom for subject nationalities; equality for women. Meanwhile, two small groups of worried politicians gathered at opposite ends of the sprawling Tauride Palace, seat of the Duma or parliament. The months of September and October were marked by growing political crisis, accompanied by mass labour and soldiers’ struggles, lawlessness, and threats against the soviets. THE vocabulary of Marxism, for obvious reasons, is dominated by technical terms from German and Russian, together with French admixture, and only a little English (mainly to do with economics). And the decree stood. As the impulse for self-government spread, committees were formed on every level, for tasks of every sort. You’ll find points of similarity with Socialist Alliance. Through such initiatives the revolt collapsed. Tonight we’re going to revisit the Russian revolution by telling the story of a slogan that shaped its outcome, “All power to the soviets.” Before beginning, I want to acknowledge my debt to recent historical writing on this period by Lars Lih, Eric Blanc, China Miéville, and Paul Le Blanc. Capitalist society tends to stifle and obliterate memories of struggle. August 18, 2014 -- Johnriddell.wordpress.com, posted at Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal with permission -- “All power to the Soviets!” is surely one of the most famous slogans in revolutionary history. This “mandate” marked the first appearance of the slogan “All power to the Soviets” in an official party statement. When Kerensky assembled armed forces to secure his regime, the Soviet defense structure was already in place to head this off. The worker-peasant government would drive through to the end achievement of all demands possible within the existing capitalist framework. The whole world will believe in it. Under the blows of isolation and misfortune, the regime gradually hardened, and a workers’ democracy was transformed, over many years and through many stages, into a bureaucratic tyranny headed by Joseph Stalin. The peasants must take these lands immediately and sow crops right away. aidc.org.za/power-soviets-reflections-reading-history-russian-revolution-2017 Chapters 7 & 16 transcribed by Marc Newman Downloaded with thanks from the Red Flag Archive. A minority made up of the Bolsheviks and other left currents, seeing no need of this, called for a Provisional Revolutionary Government of forces in the Soviet, excluding the Duma liberals. The next day the all-Russian Soviet congress assumed power and appointed a government of People’s Commissars. This curious outcome reflected a doctrinal debate among Russian socialists based on conflicting readings of the country’s unsuccessful revolution in 1905. We are utilizing a centenary – a historic victory exactly a century ago – to help us better understand, recover, and expand our memory of the heritage of ideas and experiences bound up in our movement. The limiting factor in such a revolution, they believed, was the peasantry, made up the vast majority of the population, smallholders locked into feudal or pre-feudal productive relations. And so let us go back to Russia a little more than 100 years ago, to a gray and hungry Petrograd still locked in winter, where people’s hearts were suddenly full of hope. What was to be done? 730 talking about this. This was in step with the course of events, and was generally agreed. Under no circumstances should we permit the restoration of the police. It is right up there with “Egalité, liberté, fraternité” as a symbol of an entire revolutionary epoch. Trotsky and other leaders were jailed; Lenin was forced into hiding. For $10 per month get the above and the print edition delivered to your door. The Petrograd Sovietof 4,000 members was the most important of these, on account of its position in the capital and its influence ove… Workers experienced a surge of confidence, which affected the moderate socialists as well. But the prospect of socialism was not distant. Republished 2004 by Haymarket Books, Chicago. From New Interventions, Vol.8 No.2 1998. The Bolsheviks joined with the moderates leading the Soviet to oppose the coup. In this sense the hundred-year-old story of a slogan, “All Power to the Soviets,” will be a part of our future victories. But in fact many workers had already refused to work a longer day, imposing their new rule by direct action. The Soviets were based on elected delegates of workers, soldiers and peasants. The Provisional Government was inherently weaker but was sustained by the Mensheviks and their friends who then led the soviets. Still, in the early days, the new freedom was universally celebrated. Instead of the police, instead of a standing army, we need a militia, universal arming of all citizens of both sexes. When revolution came to Russia in 1917, it had an unexpected and totally paradoxical result. There was a wave of protest in Petrograd – against the war and the government both. Workers’ councils were formed in other countries, but never with the authority and staying power of those in Russia, and they did not achieve power. Recently, a viewpoint has emerged holding that Bolshevik strategy was consistent right through and that the adjustment in April was tactical in nature. All the instruments of power in Petrograd: guns, trains, telephone lines, and above all, moral authority, were in the hands of the insurgents. This interpretation is presented by Lars Lih and Eric Blanc in articles on my website, and I share this view, although we came to this opinion independently of each other and do not agree on all points. Going through a list of the problems before the country, it argued that in each and every case the solution was: All power to the soviets. The slogan used a strong word for “power”: vlast’, meaning “sovereign authority” and the armed strength to back it up. (Russian, “Vsia vlast’ Sovetam!”), the main political slogan of the Bolshevik Party during preparation and implementation of the Great October Socialist Revolution. The two institutions born of these meetings – the soviets and the Provisional Government – dominated Russian political life until the soviets’ triumph in October that year. Both Lih’s article and this translation were first published at John Riddell's Marxist Essays and Commentary website and Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal. Freecall now on 1800 634 206 or follow the support link below to make a secure supporter payment or donation online. One hundred years ago, on May 7, 1917, the following declaration appeared on the front page of the Bolshevik newspaper Pravda under the title, “Draft of a mandate for use in electing delegates to the Soviet of Worker and Soldier Deputies”. Unless the vlast goes into the hands of the workers, soldiers and the poorest peasantry — those who genuinely do not want to be predators — we will continue to spill our blood only to serve the interests of a handful of capitalists and landowners. Rank-and-file pressure grew to resolve the problem of non-functional dual-power. Le Blanc, Paul, October Song, Haymarket, 2017. Across the city, the rebel masses sealed off the last remnants of police resistance while celebrating their newly won freedom. But to make that possible, the revolutionaries had to regain effective control of the city. The Bolsheviks also stepped cautiously – many say too cautiously – in the new terrain. Green Left is a vital social-change project and aims to make all content available online, without paywalls. With no corporate sponsors or advertising, we rely on support and donations from readers like you. [Vsia vlast Sovetam Rabochikh i Soldatskikh Deputatov!] When world war broke out in 1914, the Bolsheviks believed that it put revolution on the agenda in the main warring countries. Once again the streets of Petrograd echoed with the sound of battle. Four days that fascinated the Soviet people. As the days grew longer and warmer, working people became more impatient with the Provisional Government. ‘All power to the soviets of workers, soldiers, and peasants,…’. Today, the capitalist order, despite its achievements, faces existential challenges, beginning with the growing war danger and looming ecological catastrophe. The conference called for their communities to receive cultural autonomy – a first step toward the idea of liberation. The network of worker and soldier soviets, which soon extended across the tsarist empire and embraced peasant communities, was the embryo of a worker-peasant government. The Soviets emerged out of the February Revolution that year, which succeeded in overthrowing the Tsar. According to the Lih: “The mandate is a concrete application of the long-standing Bolshevik consensus: a vlast [power] based on the workers and peasants committed to carrying the revolution to the end by enacting a broad ‘democratic’ transformation of Russian society.”. But the moderates prevailed and gave the Duma group a Soviet mandate to set up a government of capitalist politicians, subject to Soviet supervision. Should they bloc with the hated Kerensky, who had thrown their leaders in jail? — such is the slogan of the new movement. No confidence to the “new” government [the recently formed coalition of moderate socialists and liberals], for it remains a government of capitalists — no support for it, not a penny of money. You’ll get a close-up view of how the Bolshevik party actually functioned: how central leaders interacted with each other and with branch organizers, how disputes were handled, how experiences of the worker ranks shaped decisions. Nonetheless, the idea underlying “all power to the soviets” – of rule by the exploited and oppressed victims of capitalism – spread and took root. Thanks also to Doug Williams, my videographer, and Lars for originating the idea of tracing the “biography” of this slogan. Trotsky later wrote of “raptures, embraces, and joyous tears.” The new government was treading carefully, gaining respect by proclaiming the new freedoms demanded by the soviets. As best we can, we try to reclaim this memory and pass it on to a new generation to weigh and assess. But the full quote is close to 100 words – a bit long for a banner! Kerensky deposed the general. Please use the 'Ask a Question' button to register your interest in future or similar courses. The Provisional Government is incapable of the revolutionary measures that alone can save the country from famine. It was stalling on land reform and convocation of a constituent assembly. But the moderate socialists would not give up their bloc with Kerensky and the capitalist politicians. They campaigned for a Russia-wide soviet conference in late October that could authoritatively assume power. And then, suddenly, the situation changed abruptly. In the Russian Revolution, anarchists tried to give real meaning to the slogan 'All Power to the Soviets', and in many parts, particularly in the Ukraine, they established free communes. The Soviets emerged out of the February Revolution that year, which succeeded in overthrowing the Tsar. In the other wing, a group of moderate socialists, some recently sprung from jail, moved to claim the leadership of the mass movement swirling in the streets. It will come to this, to the dictatorship of the proletariat and the peasantry.”. 1,867 talking about this. The economic collapse and the cost of living. Yet blood is flowing because of these dark and foul treaties up to the present moment. Yet nonetheless, around the world, the inspiration of the October revolution spread as proof that working people could form a government and rule a country and as a working example of how this self-rule could function. The socialists believed that few small peasant proprietors could be won to socialism. It is right up there with “Egalité, liberté, fraternité” as a symbol of an entire revolutionary epoch. It does not want to permit the workers to have kontrol over production and distribution of products — the kontrol that alone can lessen collapse. Overthrow of Russian tsarism would be a big stimulus in that direction. They have been schools for the training of the people, giving them confidence.” In many ways they were “already acting as a government.”. Pro-Soviet forces met Kornilov’s troops not with bullets but with persuasive arguments. The Bolsheviks gained a majority in the Soviets of the two main cities, Petrograd and Moscow, and in a growing number of provincial centres. You can also add a donation to your support by choosing the solidarity option of $20 per month. All power to the Soviets ! The Bolsheviks took a number of initiatives to press the moderates to agree – and expose them if they refused. And if the war led to a triumph of socialism in the west, this would create conditions for a transition to socialism in Russia as well. The appeal drew on memories of the renowned Soviet of 1905, a rank-and-file assembly leading a general strike, forcibly dispersed by the tsar. 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