One of the men that Powis has also named as a defender of the reformed faith is Sir John Oldcastle, whom the judges feel is innocent of the crime of heresy. The confusions between the many Sir Johns staged in the 1590s—not only in the Henriad but also in The Famous Victories of Henry V (circa 1585) and 1 Sir John Oldcastle (1599)—locate Shakespeare’s exploration of the dynamics of historical production and interpretation within the longer intellectual and historical traditions of the Reformation. He formed the basis for William Shakespeare's character John Falstaff, who was originally called John Oldcastle. press-marks, C.34, 1.1., & C.34, 1.2) next issued in the third folio Shakespeare, 1664; also issued in the folio of 1684 [2] The name Falstaff was derived from Sir John Fastolf, who was also a historical person—allegedly a greedy and grasping individual, who had a (probably undeserved) reputation for cowardice at the Battle of Patay in 1429. Sir John Oldcastle book. The Second Part of King Henry the Fourth containing his Death: and the Coronation of King Henry the Fift, Thomas of Woodstock/Richard the Second, Part One, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Oldcastle&oldid=1011774394, People executed by the Kingdom of England by burning, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Berlin, 1905). Sir John Oldcastle (English Edition) eBook: Shakespeare, William: Amazon.es: Tienda Kindle Selecciona Tus Preferencias de Cookies Utilizamos cookies y herramientas similares para mejorar tu experiencia de compra, prestar nuestros servicios, entender cómo los utilizas para … [1] The diary of Philip Henslowe records that the play was written by Anthony Munday, Michael Drayton, Richard Hathwaye and Robert Wilson. Like other subjects of Elizabethan history plays, Sir John Oldcastle was an actual person, a soldier and Lollard dissenter who was hanged and burned for heresy and treason in 1417—thus earning himself a place in the seminal text of the Protestant Reformation in Tudor England, John Foxe's Book of Martyrs. In the next few years Oldcastle held notable positions in the Welsh campaigns of King Henry IV of England against Owain Glyndŵr, including captaincy first over Buil… ), 17th-century play sometimes attributed to William Shakespeare, Learn how and when to remove this template message, with the life and death of Henry surnamed Hotspur. Shakespeare’s martyr. 351–357. The record of Oldcastle's trial is printed in Fasciculi Zizaniorum (Rolls series) and in David Wilkins's Concilia, iii. Finally, there is the blatant disclaimer at the close of Henry IV, Part 2 that disassociates the two figures: "for Oldcastle died [a] martyr, and this is not the man" (Epilogue, 29–32). Nonetheless, they know that it is in the best interests of the kingdom that the riots be kept under control as … 2).4 For some, Oldcastle was the valiant, victimized religious martyr we see in He had already appeared as a cowardly knight in Henry VI, part 1. Even more so, Frances Brooke, the 10th Baron's wife and 11th Baron's mother, was a close personal favorite of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth I (an Elizabethan could not have been more or better connected than the Cobhams). Part 1 was performed by … Sir John Oldcastle (died 14 December 1417) was an English Lollard leader. This is indicated by abundant external and internal evidence. His grandfather, also called John Oldcastle, was Herefordshire's MP during the latter part of the reign of King Richard II. A dynamic table of contents enables to jump directly to the chapter selected. King Henry V was still anxious to find a way of escape for his old comrade, and granted a respite of forty days. [Sir John Oldcastle, Part 1 by Michael Drayton, Richard Hathway, Antony Munday and Robert Wilson was first printed in quarto form in 1600. Sir John Oldcastle . Sir John Oldcastle "written by William Shakespeare" date of earliest known editions (two in same year) 1600 (B.M. Drayton, Michael, and Hathway, Richard, and Munday, Anthony, and Wilson, Robert. Part 2 has not survived. The change of names, from "Oldcastle" to "Falstaff", is mentioned in seventeenth-century works by Richard James (Epistle to Sir Harry Bourchier, c. 1625) and Thomas Fuller(Worthies of England, 1662). Sir John Oldcastle (died 14 December 1417) was an English Lollard leader. The genesis of Sir John Oldcastle is crucially linked to the fact that when Shakespeare's Henry IV plays premiered on stage in 1597–98, the character Sir John Falstaff was called Sir John Oldcastle. Sir John Falstaff is a fictional character who appears in three plays by William Shakespeare and is eulogized in a fourth. The first part of the true and honorable historie, of the life of Sir Iohn Old-castle, the good Lord Cobham. Some historians believed he was captured in the upland Olchon Valley of western Herefordshire adjacent to the Black Mountains, Wales, not far from the village of Oldcastle itself in his family's old heartlands. It is also indicated in details in the early texts of Shakespeare's plays. But his friendship with the new King Henry V prevented any decisive action until convincing evidence was found in one of Oldcastle's books, which was discovered in a shop in Paternoster Row, London. Having established their name as the leading publisher of classic literature and art, Delphi Classics produce publications that are individually crafted with superior formatting, while introducing many rare texts for the first time in digital print. [citation needed] On the failure of the scheme he went again into hiding. When Oldcastle fled from Windsor Castle to his own castle at Cooling, Henry at last consented to a prosecution. [3], At some point in his military career Oldcastle became a trusted supporter of Henry, Prince of Wales, later to become King Henry V, who regarded Sir John as "one of his most trustworthy soldiers". In the quarto text of Henry IV, Part 2 (1600), one of Falstaff's speech prefixes in Act I, Scene ii is mistakenly left uncorrected, "Old." Fastolf, however, died without descendants, making him safe for a playwright's use. King Henry, forewarned of their intention by a spy, moved to London, and when the Lollards assembled in force in St Giles's Fields on 10 January they were easily dispersed by the king and his forces.[6]. In 1601 a narrative poem, The Mirror of Martyrs, by one John Weever, was published; it praises Oldcastle as a "valiant captain and most godly martyr." [citation needed] Oldcastle who was "sore wounded ere he would be taken", was brought to London in a horse-litter. On 14 December he was formally condemned, on the record of his previous conviction, and that same day was hanged in St Giles's Fields, and burnt "gallows and all". Being a friend of Henry V, he long escaped prosecution for heresy. Sir John Oldcastle book. Eventually, he was captured and executed in London. 1 Everyone knew that Oldcastle had been put to death in a particularly gruesome manner early in Hal’s reign as King Henry V; what was at issue was whether Oldcastle died a martyr to Catholic persecution or whether he was a heretic/traitor whose death was richly deserved. [2] This resulted in a significant improvement of his fortune and status, as the Cobhams were "one of the most notable families of Kent". Oldcastle refused to obey the archbishop's repeated citations, and it was only under a Royal Writ that he at last appeared before the ecclesiastical court on 23 September 1413. Eventually, he was captured and executed in London. Sir John Oldcastle is an Elizabethan play about John Oldcastle, a controversial 14th-/15th-century rebel and Lollard who was seen by some of Shakespeare's contemporaries as a proto-Protestant martyr. Shakespeare’s martyr. Quarto with red goatskin binding. He also said the veneration of images was "the great sin of idolatry". ), which is generally thought to have been one of Shakespeare's sources for his plays on Henry IV and Henry V. The genesis of Sir John Oldcastle is crucially linked to the fact that when Shakespeare's Henry IV plays premiered on stage in 1597–98, the character Sir John Falstaff was called Sir John Oldcastle. His heretical opinions and early friendship with Henry V created a traditional scandal which long continued. In Henry IV, Part 1, I,ii,42, Prince Hal calls Falstaff "my old lad of the castle". The elder Lord Cobham even had a strong negative impact upon the lives of Shakespeare and his contemporaries in the theater. (Presumably, the lost second half of the play would have had the inevitable grimmer ending of Oldcastle's grisly death. Before that time had expired, Oldcastle escaped from the Tower by the help of one William Fisher, a parchment-maker of Smithfield. The Second Part of King Henry the Fourth containing his Death: and the Coronation of King Henry the Fift, Thomas of Woodstock/Richard the Second, Part One, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_John_Oldcastle&oldid=1016411048, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from June 2020, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 7 April 2021, at 01:06. When the First Folio and quarto texts of that play are compared, it appears that the joke in V,v,85–90 is that Oldcastle/Falstaff incriminates himself by calling out the first letter of his name, "O, O, O!," when his fingertips are singed with candles—which of course works for "Oldcastle" but not "Falstaff." There is even a hint that Falstaff was originally Oldcastle in The Merry Wives of Windsor too. The later scenes are devoted to Rochester's pursuit of Oldcastle and his wife, and their escapes; the play ends on a temporary positive note, with the Oldcastles evading imprisonment. Being a friend of Henry V, he long escaped prosecution for heresy. He is said to have been hiding with some Lollard friends at a glade on Pant-mawr farm in Broniarth, Wales, called Cobham's Garden. Honigmann. No, Sir John Oldcastle was a real person, a Lollard knight who really did pal around with Prince Hal before his heretical beliefs—coupled, it should be noted, with an insurrection and a royal kidnapping plan—saw him tried, arrested, and executed in gruesome fashion. In Henry IV, Part 2 an epilogue emphasises that Falstaff is not Oldcastle: "Falstaff shall die of a sweat, unless already a' be killed with your hard opinions; for Oldcastle died a martyr, and this is not the man." In 1619, a new edition (Q2) carried an attribution to William Shakespeare. [2], In 1408 he married Joan, the heiress of Cobham—his third marriage, and her fourth. When convicted, he escaped from the Tower of London and then led a rebellion against the King. The change of names, from "Oldcastle" to "Falstaff", is mentioned in seventeenth-century works by Richard James (Epistle to Sir Harry Bourchier, c. 1625) and Thomas Fuller (Worthies of England, 1662). The name change and the Epilogue disclaimer were required, it is generally thought, because of political pressure: the historical Oldcastle was not only a Protestant martyr, but a nobleman with powerful living descendants in Elizabethan England. [4], Sir John Oldcastle treats its subject matter in ways acceptable to the values and biases of its audience, and the interests of Elizabethan officialdom (inevitably; if it did anything else it would never have escaped censorship). The players were left to the mercies of the local officials of the City of London, who had long wanted to drive the companies of actors out of the City. The antiquarian Richard James (1592-1638), fellow of Christ Church College, Oxford, explains in this dedicatory letter to Sir Henry Bourchier why Shakespeare changed the character originally named “Sir John Oldcastle” to one named “Sir John Falstaff” in Henry IV, Parts 1 and 2. Broadcast from undisclosed location(s). William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, a small country town. Thomas Nashe, in a contemporary letter, complained that the actors were "piteously persecuted by the Lord Mayor and the aldermen" during this period. These were the Lords Cobham: William Brooke, 10th Baron Cobham (died 6 March 1597), was Warden of the Cinque Ports (1558–97), Knight of the Order of the Garter (1584), and member of the Privy Council (1586–97); his son Henry Brooke, 11th Baron Cobham, was granted the paternal post of Warden of the Cinque Ports upon his father's death, and made a Knight of the Order of the Garter in 1599. Shakespeare was the eldest son of Mary Arden, the daughter of a local landowner, and her husband, John Shakespeare (c. 1530-1601), a glover and wood dealer. When Carey died on 22 July 1596, the post of Lord Chamberlain was given to William Brooke, Lord Cobham, who definitely was not a friend to the players, and who withdrew what official protection they had enjoyed. When Shakespeare adapted that play in Henry IV, Part 1, Oldcastle still appeared, but when the play was printed in 1598, the name was changed to Falstaff (modelled after John Fastolf), in deference to one of Oldcastle's descendants, Lord Cobham. “John Oldcastle” wasn’t just a charming name Shakespeare conjured from thin air. The Protestant martyr Sir John Oldcastle is the historical original of Shakespeare’s Sir John Falstaff. 1586? Curiously, this effort to redeem the Oldcastle name was at best only partially successful; allusions to the Falstaff character under the name of Oldcastle continued to appear in succeeding years—in Nathan Field's play Amends for Ladies (1618) and in the anonymous pamphlets The Meeting of Gallants at an Ordinary (1604) and The Wandering Jew (c. 1628), among other works. In III,ii,25–26 of the same play, Falstaff is said to have been a "page to Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk"—which was true of the historical Oldcastle. Oldcastle was no doubt the instigator of the abortive Lollard plots of 1416, and appears to have intrigued with the Scots also. [citation needed]. *An active Table of … By E.A.J. instead of "Falst." In November 1417 his hiding-place was at last discovered and he was captured by Edward Charleton, 5th Baron Cherleton. This eBook features the unabridged text of 'Sir John Oldcastle' from the bestselling edition of 'The Complete Works of William Shakespeare'. Oldcastle was also a minor character in the early Elizabethan history play the Famous Victories of Henry V (c. Sir John Oldcastle (died 14 December 1417) was an English Lollard leader. Had this been intended as fraud, it would have been remarkably Oldcastle's date of birth is unknown, although dubious and possibly apocryphal sources place it variously at 1360 or 1378. Sir John Oldcastle. Lollardy had many supporters in Herefordshire, and Oldcastle himself had adopted Lollard doctrines before 1410, when the churches on his wife's estates in Kent were laid under interdict for unlicensed preaching. *This Book is annotated (it contains a detailed biography of the author). Shakespeare (spurious and doubtful works), 1564-1616: Title: Sir John Oldcastle Language: English: LoC Class: PR: Language and Literatures: English literature: Subject: Oldcastle, John, Sir, -1417 -- Drama … Book from Project Gutenberg: Sir John Oldcastle Library of Congress Classification: PR The company of actors formed by Shakespeare, Richard Burbage, Will Kempe and the others in 1594 enjoyed the patronage of Henry Carey, first Lord Hunsdon, then serving as Lord Chamberlain; they were, famously, the Lord Chamberlain's Men. The same cast of rebels and conspirators is active in this play (II,ii, III,ii, etc.) The matter was brought before the King, who desired that nothing should be done until he had tried his personal influence. Oldcastle, John, styled Lord Cobham, (Sir) d. 1417 Publisher [Amersham, Eng.] Though the fat knight still remains "my old lad of the Castle", the stage character has nothing to do with the Lollard leader. Wikisource has original works on the topic: This page was last edited on 12 March 2021, at 19:16. (An entry in Henslowe's Diary records a later payment to Drayton for a second part to the play, which has not survived; because of this fact, the extant play has sometimes been called Sir John Oldcastle, Part I or 1 Sir John Oldcastle.). [3] The marriage brought Oldcastle a number of manors in Kent, Norfolk, Northamptonshire and Wiltshire, as well as Cooling Castle, and from 1409 until his accusation in 1413 he was summoned to parliament as Lord Cobham. of the Tudor facsimile texts edition, Sir John Oldcastle . Oldcastle became a popular figure in Elizabethan England, his trial and death recounted in Foxe's Acts and Monuments, Stowe's Annales, Holinshed's Chronicles, and elsewhere (Fig. [2], Oldcastle represented Herefordshire as a "knight of the shire" in the parliament of 1404, later serving as a justice of the peace, and was High Sheriff of Herefordshire in 1406–07. When convicted, he escaped from the Tower of London and then led a rebellion against the King. Sir John Oldcastle is an Elizabethan play about John Oldcastle, a controversial 14th-/15th-century rebel and Lollard who was seen by some of Shakespeare's contemporaries as a proto-Protestant martyr. Having established their name as the leading publisher of classic literature and art, Delphi Classics produce publications that are individually cr… In 1664, the play was one of the seven dramas added to the second impression of the Shakespeare Third Folio by publisher Philip Chetwinde. This eBook features the unabridged text of ‘Sir John Oldcastle’ from the bestselling edition of ‘The Complete Works of William Shakespeare’. The True and Honorable History of the Life of Sir John Oldcastle: Amazon.es: Shakespeare, William: Libros en idiomas extranjeros Selecciona Tus Preferencias de Cookies Utilizamos cookies y herramientas similares para mejorar tu experiencia de compra, prestar nuestros servicios, entender cómo los utilizas para poder mejorarlos, y para mostrarte anuncios. London: printed by V[alentine] S[immes] for Thomas Pauier, 1600. ), 17th-century play sometimes attributed to William Shakespeare, Learn how and when to remove this template message, with the life and death of Henry surnamed Hotspur. and in Walsingham's Historia Anglicana. He formed the basis for William Shakespeare's character John Falstaff, who was originally called John Oldcastle. DOI link for Sir John Oldcastle. When convicted, he escaped from the Tower of London and then led a rebellion against the King. The play was originally published anonymously in 1600 (Q1), printed by Valentine Simmes for the bookseller Thomas Pavier. At the time Shakespeare was writing his Henry IV, Part 2, Sir John’s reputation was being hotly debated. In 1599, another play, Sir John Oldcastle, presented Oldcastle in a more kindly light. [5], Oldcastle now put himself at the head of a widespread Lollard conspiracy, which assumed a definite political character. The Shakespeare Underground has gone further … underground. The villain of the piece is the Bishop of Rochester, aided by his summoner Clun. Oldcastle is a religious but not a political dissenter; his quarrel is with the Roman Catholic Church, and he remains loyal to the Crown and to Henry V personally (II,iii). Apparently he was privy to the Southampton Plot in July 1415, when he stirred some movement in the Welsh Marches. Being a friend of Henry V, he long escaped prosecution for heresy. [7] The principal agents in the capture were four of the tenants of Edward Charleton, 5th Baron Cherleton, two of them being Ieuan and Sir Gruffudd Vychan, sons of Gruffudd ap Ieuan. The reward for his capture was awarded to Baron Cherleton, but he died before receiving it, though a portion was paid to his widow in 1422. Sir John Oldcastle by William Shakespeare, Michael Drayton, 1911, Issued for subscribers by the ed. This did not last; when Cobham died less than a year later, the post of Lord Chamberlain went to Henry Carey's son George, second Lord Hunsdon, and the actors regained their previous patronage. The 1619 quarto of Sir John Oldcastle Part 1 is the first to attribute the play to Shakespeare, some three years after his death. The black plague killed in 1564 one out of seven of the town’s 1,500 inhabitants. Strangely, it was also included in the third and fourth folios of Shakespeare's Works. Oldcastle himself escaped into deepest northwest Herefordshire, and for nearly four years avoided capture. There is also the "castle" reference in IV,v,6 of the same play. In the old play The Famous Victories of Henry V, written before 1588, Oldcastle figures as the Prince's boon companion. William Shakespeare's Sir John Oldcastle JAMES J. MARINO In with 1619, a falsified William Jaggard date, 1600, reprinted and added The First a new Part byline: of Sir John William Oldcastle Shake- with a falsified date, 1600, and added a new byline: William Shake-speare. Although Shakespeare is unnamed, the play’s Prologue articulates a relationship to the Henry IV plays in its claim that “It is no pamperd glutton we present, / Nor aged Councellor to youthfull sinne,” (A2r) providing one of the strongest pieces of corroborative evidence that Shakespeare’s Falstaff may have … [4] Oldcastle was a member of the expedition which the young Henry sent to France in 1411 in a successful campaign to assist the Burgundians in the Armagnac-Burgundian Civil War.[4]. Sir John Oldcastle William Shakespeare, english poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist (1564-1616) This ebook presents «Sir John Oldcastle», from William Shakespeare. [1] His father was Richard Oldcastle of Almeley in northwest Herefordshire. Shakespeare's Sir John Falstaff. Stratford was famous for its malting. [3], Soon after the premier of Shakespeare's Oldcastle/Falstaff in 1597–98, literary and dramatic works began to appear that defended the reputation of the historical Oldcastle; scholars argue that the muse that inspired these works was Henry Brooke, 11th Baron Cobham. See also W. Barske, Oldcastle-Falstaff in der englischen Literatur bis zu Shakespeare (Palaestra, 1. There have been many lives of Oldcastle, mainly based on The Actes and Monuments of John Foxe, who in his turn followed the Briefe Chronycle of John Bale, first published in 1544. It is not clear whether he was burnt alive.[8]. Iambic pentameter verse lines in both parts are irregular when using the name "Falstaff", but correct with "Oldcastle". Oldcastle is first mentioned in two separate documents in 1400, first as a plaintiff in a suit regarding the advowson of Almeley church, and again as serving as a knight under Lord Grey of Codnor in a military expedition to Scotland. In the convocation which met in March 1413, shortly before the death of Henry IV, Oldcastle was at once accused of heresy. Hist. [1] In the next few years Oldcastle held notable positions in the Welsh campaigns of King Henry IV of England against Owain Glyndŵr, including captaincy first over Builth Castle in Brecknockshire and then over Kidwelly. Oldcastle was to be Regent, the king, nobility and clergy placed under restraint, and the abbeys dissolved and their riches shared out. For notes on Oldcastle's early career, consult James Hamilton Wylie, History of England under Henry IV. In a confession of his faith he declared his belief in the sacraments and the necessity of penance and true confession, but he would not assent to the orthodox doctrine of the sacrament as stated by the Bishops, nor admit the necessity of confession to a priest. Issued for subscribers by the ed. TABLE OF CONTENTS For literary history see the Introductions to Richard James's Iter Lancastrense (Chetham Society, 1845) and to Grosart's edition of the Poems of Richard James (1880). of the Tudor facsimile texts Collection robarts; toronto Digitizing sponsor MSN Contributor Robarts - University of Toronto Language English A huge thank you to these students from Ohio … This is indicated by abundant external and internal evidence. The several plays published by Thomas Pavier in 1619, many with errors of date or authorship (probably deliberate) on their title pages, indicate Pavier’s interest in compiling a collection of “Shakespeare” plays around this time. as in Henry V, but Oldcastle keeps scrupulously separate from them. Soc.) Sir John Oldcastle was, of course, the name of a proto-Protestant martyr and an ancestor, by marriage to Elizabeth Brooke, of William Brooke, the seventh Baron Cobham who was the Lord Cham- berlain from August of 1596 until his death in March of 1597.11 Whether Shakespeare intended to … Sir John Oldcastle is an Elizabethan play about John Oldcastle, a controversial 14th-/15th-century rebel and Lollard who was seen by some of Shakespeare's contemporaries as a proto-Protestant martyr. It is also indicated in details in the early texts of Shakespear… And two years earlier, in 1599, the play Sir John Oldcastle was performed by the Admiral's Men, the main theatrical rivals of Shakespeare's company. Sir John Oldcastle and that Shakespeare changed the name of Oldcastle to Falstaff in 1 Henry IV and 2 Henry IV and the name of Brooke to Broome in The Merry Wives of Windsor, leaving behind a trail of ruined puns, fractured metre, and missed speech prefixes, has been well and ably documented.2 There is little disagreement here. Read "Sir John Oldcastle (Annotated)" by William Shakespeare available from Rakuten Kobo. The plan was to seize the King and his brothers during a Twelfth-night mumming at Eltham, and establish some sort of commonwealth. The play offers a comic character, Sir John of Wrotham, a pale imitation of Falstaff, who interacts with a disguised Henry V (III,iv) much as in Shakespeare's plays. DOI link for Sir John Oldcastle. John Oldcastle being burnt for insurrection and Lollard heresy, A rough translation of much of the Latin trial record, with the life and death of Henry surnamed Hotspur. Oldcastle declared his readiness to submit to the king "all his fortune in this world" but was firm in his religious beliefs. On 25 September he was convicted as a heretic. Eventually, he was captured and executed in London. The chief contemporary notices of his later career are given in Gesta Henrici Quinti (Eng. A Twelfth-night mumming at Eltham, and for nearly four years avoided capture grimmer ending of Oldcastle 's date birth. By Valentine Simmes for the bookseller Thomas Pavier captured and executed in London a widespread Lollard conspiracy, assumed. World '' but was firm in his religious beliefs was brought to London in a.... Hiding-Place was at last discovered and he was privy to the King, who ``... 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Detailed biography of the author ) II, III Works of William Shakespeare Works. For sir john oldcastle shakespeare on Oldcastle 's date of birth is unknown, although dubious and possibly apocryphal sources place it at... Some sort of commonwealth the Tower of London and then led a rebellion against the King and brothers! The matter was brought to London in a horse-litter Oldcastle is the historical original of Shakespeare and his contemporaries the! The theater in Gesta Henrici Quinti ( Eng record of Oldcastle 's trial is in! Play would have had the inevitable grimmer ending of Oldcastle 's date of earliest known editions ( in!