... including the generals’ plot to kill him in July 1944. This position enabled Stauffenberg to attend Hitler's military conferences, either at the Wolfsschanze in East Prussia or at Berchtesgaden, and would thus give him an opportunity, perhaps the last that would present itself, to kill Hitler with a bomb or a pistol. The result was the Wound Badge of 20 July 1944. "The Plot to Assassinate Hitler. Nonetheless, a 1956 proposal to name a school after Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg was opposed by a majority of citizens, and, according to Deutsche Welle, East Germany's communist leadership had ignored the assassination attempt for decades, mainly because the conservative and aristocratic conspirators around Stauffenberg did not match the socialist ideal. [72] The last survivor of the 20 July Plot was Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist-Schmenzin, the thwarted plotter of just a few months before. [1], Stauffenberg placed the single primed bomb inside his briefcase and, with the unwitting assistance of Major Ernst John von Freyend, entered the conference room containing Hitler and 20 officers, positioning the briefcase under the table near Hitler. No need to register, buy now! MURDERING HITLER - the failed attacks on Hitler’s life THE JEWISH PLOT TO KILL HITLER | venitism film,. A disillusioned Wehrmacht officer named Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg and his co-conspirators attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler on 20 July 1944. The conspirators gave instructions to Speidel to bring Rommel into their circle.[82]. Juli 1944 und die Thesen Christian Gerlachs, "Operation Valkyrie – The "July Plot" to Assassinate Hitler | Jewish Virtual Library", German Opposition to Hitler and the Assassination Attempt of July 20, 1944, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=20_July_plot&oldid=1019542067, Improvised explosive device bombings in Europe, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2018, Articles needing additional references from June 2019, All articles needing additional references, Articles needing additional references from July 2020, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Carsten, F. L. "The German Generals and Hitler", This page was last edited on 23 April 2021, at 22:47. Over the following weeks, Himmler's Gestapo, driven by a furious Hitler, rounded up nearly everyone who had the remotest connection with the plot. The July Bomb Plot was not the first attempt to kill Hitler, but it was the one that came the closest to success. [52] At 20:00 a furious Witzleben arrived at the Bendlerblock and had a bitter argument with Stauffenberg, who was still insisting that the coup could go ahead. The conspirators modified the plan for their own aims, with the intention of taking control of German cities, disarming the SS, and arresting key Nazi leaders in the wake of the plot. It is presumed that Colonel Heinz Brandt, who was standing next to Hitler, used his foot to move the briefcase aside by pushing it behind the leg of the conference table,[44] thus unwittingly deflecting the blast from Hitler but causing the loss of one of his legs and his own demise when the bomb detonated. Von Witzleben was the former commander of the German 1st Army and the former Commander-in-Chief of the German Army Command in the West. Interrupted by a guard knocking on the door advising him that the meeting was about to begin, he was not able to prime the second bomb, which he gave to his aide-de-camp, Werner von Haeften. The most important military conspirators were General Friedrich Olbricht, Major General Henning von Tresckow, and Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg, along with Claus-Heinrich Stülpnagel, the German military commander in France. Fed up with Hitler, though only partially for moral reasons, high-level German resisters nearly succeeded in assassinating him in July 1944. [96][97] But Gerlach's arguments were also criticized by some scholars, among them Peter Hoffmann from McGill University and Klaus Jochen Arnold [de] from the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. Rommel was also planned to become a member of the post-Hitler government in papers drawn up by Goerdeler. "[31] Detailed instructions were written for occupation of government ministries in Berlin, Heinrich Himmler's headquarters in East Prussia, radio stations and telephone offices, and other Nazi apparatus through military districts, and concentration camps. Beck would be appointed provisional head of state, Goerdeler would be chancellor, and Witzleben would be commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Those who survived interrogation were given perfunctory trials before the People's Court, a kangaroo court that always decided in favour of the prosecution. The conspirators also considered poisoning him, but this was not possible because his food was specially prepared and tasted. Hello Select your address All Hello, Sign in. Juli) is a 1955 German feature film produced by CCC Film on the failed 20 July 1944 attempt to kill Adolf Hitler. [35], Operation Valkyrie could only be put into effect by General Friedrich Fromm, commander of the Reserve Army, so he must either be won over to the conspiracy or in some way neutralised if the plan was to succeed.[30]. He was the second-to-last survivor of those involved in the plot and died on 1 May 2008, aged 90. Their most important recruit was General Friedrich Olbricht, head of the General Army Office headquarters at the Bendlerblock in central Berlin, who controlled an independent system of communications to reserve units throughout Germany. Another major plotter, General Ludwig von Beck, was allowed to commit suicide. Likewise, Düringer, Freytag and Preiss do fine jobs. I guess I had long known he was a suspect in the plot to assassinate Hitler, but I didn't remember that he was actually murdered. I combine shipping at full listed shipping for the first item, and 1/3 of the listed shipping for each additional item. These included General Carl-Heinrich von Stülpnagel, the German military commander in France, who would take control in Paris when Hitler was killed, and it was hoped, negotiate an immediate armistice with the invading Allied armies. During 1943 Tresckow tried without success to recruit senior army field commanders such as Field Marshal Erich von Manstein and Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt, to support a seizure of power. It is possible that Himmler, who by late 1943 knew that the war was unwinnable, allowed the plot to go ahead in the belief that if it succeeded he would be Hitler's successor, and could then bring about a peace settlement. While acknowledging that Tresckow and other 20 July conspirators had been involved in war crimes, Arnold writes that Gerlach's argument is oversimplified. View the list of all donors. The name Operation Valkyrie —originally referring to part of the conspiracy—has become associated with the entire event. In fact, it was unusual for Himmler to attend military conferences.[14]. The July 20, 1944, Plot to Assassinate Adolf Hitler. [30], In August and September 1943, Tresckow drafted the "revised" Valkyrie plan and new supplementary orders. [60] The officers involved in the plot were "tried" before the Court of Military Honour, a drumhead court-martial that merely considered the evidence furnished to it by the Gestapo before expelling the accused from the Army in disgrace and handing them over to the People's Court. As the members of the coup were rounded up, Hitler ordered some of the conspirators shot and others killed by hanging with piano wire. Olbricht and Stauffenberg restrained him at gunpoint and Olbricht then appointed General Erich Hoepner to take over his duties. Dietrich Bonhoeffer had been expecting this day for a long time. The plan was for Stauffenberg to plant the briefcase with the bomb in Hitler's conference room with a timer running, excuse himself from the meeting, wait for the explosion, then fly back to Berlin and join the other plotters at the Bendlerblock. The following were slated for these roles as of July 1944:[75], Albert Speer was listed in several notes of the conspirators as a possible Minister of Armaments; however, most of these notes stated Speer should not be approached until after Hitler was dead and one conjectural government chart had a question mark beside Speer's name. They opposed popular legitimation or mass participation in governance of the state. In August 1943, Tresckow met, for the first time, a young staff officer named Lieutenant Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg. Besides that, there was an elaborate coup d’etat attempt codenamed Operation Valkyrie that involved hundreds of people. Finally at 16:00 Olbricht issued the orders for Operation Valkyrie to be mobilised. However some others assert that, in such actions, Tresckow had to act out of principle to continue with his coup plans. The young man made it his mission to kill Hitler, and started stalking him in Germany. Erwin Planck, the son of the famous physicist Max Planck, was executed for his involvement. [85] According to journalist and author William L. Shirer, Rommel knew about the conspiracy and advocated that Hitler be arrested and placed on trial. The worst execution was reserved for the brother of one of the conspirators. [100], The first all-German commemoration of the event did not take place until 1990. The "first official memorial service for the resistance fighters of July 20" was held on the tenth anniversary in 1954. The plot to kill Hitler needed to use this plan to take control from the SS because only the death of the Fuhrer would release their oath of loyalty till death, sworn by every SS member. Falk Harnack directed and co-wrote the 1955 film's script with Günther Weisenborn. The Plot to Assassinate Hitler (German: Der 20. This most likely saved Speer from arrest by the SS in addition to Speer being one of Hitler's closest and most trusted friends.[76]. In late-1938, a Swiss theology student named Maurice Bavaud bought a … Hitler had ordered that those found guilty should be "hanged like cattle". Hitler personally commuted his death sentence from hanging to the "more honourable" firing squad. It was the commander of Army Group Center, Gunther von Kluge, who had been informed of the plan to assassinate Hitler during the visit, who took Tresckow aside and pleaded with him not to execute the plot. [33] All written information was handled by Tresckow's wife, Erika, and by Margarethe von Oven, his secretary. https://www.facebook.com/holocaustmuseum/videos/439623160225471 On November 9, 1938, Bavaud made his move. WORLD WAR 4: SWISS CIA PLOTTING APRIL 24, 2021, JOINT CHINESE, IRANIAN, NORTH KOREAN AND/OR RUSSIAN INVASION OF AMERICA AND/OR EUROPE SPECIFICALLY TO TRIGGER ALL-OUT NUCLEAR WORLD WAR III (APRIL 23, 2021): CIA Headquarters Located Beneath CERN at Lake Geneva in Switzerland Plotting Pearl Harbor-Like Chinese, Iranian, North Korean and/or Russian Attack … Himmler had at least one conversation with a known oppositionist when, in August 1943, the Prussian Finance Minister Johannes Popitz, who was involved in Goerdeler's network, came to see him and offered him the support of the opposition if he would make a move to displace Hitler and secure a negotiated end to the war. It sounds like the plot to a Hollywood B-movie, and in some ways it is. [17] However, despite their refusals, none of the Field Marshals reported their treasonous activities to the Gestapo or Hitler. [15], In late 1942, Tresckow and Olbricht formulated a plan to assassinate Hitler and stage an overthrow during Hitler's visit to the headquarters of Army Group Centre at Smolensk in March 1943, by placing a bomb on his plane (Operation Spark). The Plot to Assassinate Hitler as shown. Der 20. In the days that followed, Hitler ordered a massive hunt for conspirators which continued for months. I was enraged. At around 18:10, the commander of Military District III (Berlin), General Joachim von Kortzfleisch, was summoned to the Bendlerblock; he angrily refused Olbricht's orders, kept shouting "the Führer is alive",[53] was arrested and was held under guard. [73], As a result of the failed coup, every member of the Wehrmacht was required to reswear his loyalty oath, by name, to Hitler and, on 24 July 1944, the military salute was replaced throughout the armed forces with the Hitler Salute in which the arm was outstretched and the salutation Heil Hitler was given.[74]. [95] To Gerlach, the primary motivation of the plotters was to ensure German victory in the war or at least prevent defeat. The primary military conspirators were General Friedrich Olbricht, Major General Henning von Tresckow, and Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg, along with Claus-Heinrich Stülpnagel, the military commander in France. Before World War II, Czechoslovak occultists tried to use black magic to kill Adolf Hitler. The file, number 65-53615, details a plot involving one man. Such actions lead historians to question the motives of the plotters, which seemed more concerned with the military situation than with Nazi atrocities and German war crimes. On July 20th, 1944 a group of German conspirators lead by Claus von Stauffenberg attempted to assassinate Adolf Hitler himself. 9 Maurice Bavaud Tried to Kill Hitler the next Day. By the summer of 1944, some senior figures in … Moltke was against killing Hitler; instead, he wanted him placed on trial. At first, the plan seemed to go smoothly as the Reserve Army began taking action, but delays, confusion, and poor communication robbed the coup of its initiative. [6][7], The plot was the culmination of efforts by several groups in the German resistance to overthrow the Nazi German government. The plan was to remove the Nazi Party from power, and then make peace with the Allied Forces to end the bloodshed and show the world that not all Germans were like Hitler. Over the following weeks, Himmler's Gestapo, driven by a furious Hitler, rounded up nearly everyone who had the remotest connection with the plot. He was even the natural leader of the opposition in France to some extent, considering the fact he had drawn a lot of military and political personnel into his orbit in preparation of a "Western solution". Find the perfect plot to assassinate hitler stock photo. Had the 20 July plot to assassinate Hitler of 1944 succeeded, Goerdeler would have served as the Chancellor of the new government. Tresckow systematically recruited oppositionists into the Group's staff, making it the nerve centre of the army resistance. [63][64], The Kaltenbrunner Report to Adolf Hitler dated 29 November 1944 on the background of the plot, states that the Pope was somehow a conspirator, specifically naming Eugenio Pacelli, Pope Pius XII, as being a party in the attempt. Executions continued to the last days of the war. [94], Gerlach pointed out that the plotters had "selective moral criteria" and while they were concerned about Jews being exterminated in the Holocaust, they were far less disturbed about mass murder of civilians in the East. In one case, according to Orbach, Gerlach had falsely paraphrased the memoir of the resistance fighter Colonel Rudolf Christoph Freiherr von Gersdorff, and in another case, quoted misleadingly from an SS document. He was killed by a coup de grace after he succeeded only in wounding himself. Some of the plotters were executed on the same day. However, the plot failed and lead to nearly 5,000 executions. Fromm replied that he thought Stauffenberg was with Hitler.[51]. Even if it fails, we must take action in Berlin , for the practical purpose no longer matters; what matters now is that the German resistance movement must take the plunge before the eyes of the world and of history. ", Tresckow also "signed orders for the deportation of thousands of orphaned children for forced labor in the Reich"—the so-called Heu-Aktion. Groups of military plotters exchanged ideas with civilian, political, and intellectual resistance groups in the Kreisauer Kreis (which met at the von Moltke estate in Kreisau) and in other secret circles. [28], By mid-1943, the tide of war was turning decisively against Germany. He called Goebbels at the Propaganda Ministry. There was more confusion when Stauffenberg's aircraft landed and he phoned from the airport to say that Hitler was in fact dead. More than 20 people were injured with three officers later perishing. On Saturday, 1 July 1944 Stauffenberg was appointed Chief of Staff to General Fromm at the Reserve Army headquarters on Bendlerstraße in central Berlin. [1], At around 12:30 pm as the conference began, Stauffenberg made an excuse to use a washroom in Wilhelm Keitel's office where he used pliers to crush the end of a pencil detonator inserted into a 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) block of plastic explosive wrapped in brown paper, that was prepared by Wessel von Freytag-Loringhoven. His aim was to … Yet motivations varied widely and should not be viewed solely in the context of the Holocaust. Juli) is a 1955 German feature film produced by CCC Film on the failed 20 July 1944 attempt to kill Adolf Hitler. Once Hitler died in the explosion, the military would claim the assassination had been part of an attempted coup by the Nazi Party and would then implement Operation Valkyrie. Peter Hoffmann, Carl Goerdeler and the Jewish question, 1933–1942, Cambridge; New York : Cambridge University Press, 2011, xvi. 134–135, 2008, Christianity and Resistance in the 20th Century: From Kaj Munk and Dietrich Bonhoeffer to Desmond Tutu (International Studies in Religion and Society Series) page 135, 2008, Germany: 1933–1990 – p. 96 Heinrich August Winkler – 2007. According to Peter Hoffmann, he had turned into Hitler's resolute opponent and in the end supported the coup (though not the assassination itself). By the time Stauffenberg's aircraft reached Berlin about 16:00,[49] General Erich Fellgiebel, an officer at the Wolfsschanze who was in on the plot, had phoned the Bendlerblock and told the plotters that Hitler had survived the explosion. A secret declaration began with these words: "The Führer Adolf Hitler is dead! Huge collection, amazing choice, 100+ million high quality, affordable RF and RM images. The motivations of the conspirators and their place in the history of the Third Reich remain an area of intense debate. On July 20th, 1944 a group of German conspirators lead by Claus von Stauffenberg attempted to assassinate Adolf Hitler himself. [14], On 18 July rumours reached Stauffenberg that the Gestapo had knowledge of the conspiracy and that he might be arrested at any time—this was apparently not true, but there was a sense that the net was closing in and that the next opportunity to kill Hitler must be taken because there might not be another. Wilhelm Canaris biographer Heinz Höhne suggests that Canaris and Himmler were working together to bring about a change of regime, but this remains speculation.[40]. A treacherous group of party leaders has attempted to exploit the situation by attacking our embattled soldiers from the rear in order to seize power for themselves. Juli) is a German feature film produced by CCC Film on the failed 20 July 1944 attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler. The characters. This operation was originally designed to militarily combat potential civil unrest in Germany. On 16 May, they informed Allen Dulles, through whom they hoped to negotiate with the Western Allies, that Rommel could not be counted on for support. Speidel met with former foreign minister Konstantin von Neurath and Strölin on 27 May in Germany, ostensibly at Rommel's request, although the latter was not present. Countdown to Valkyrie: The July Plot to Assassinate Hitler: JONES, NIGEL: Amazon.com.au: Books The first trials were held on 7 and 8 August 1944. Find topics of interest and explore encyclopedia content related to those topics, Find articles, photos, maps, films, and more listed alphabetically, Recommended resources and topics if you have limited time to teach about the Holocaust, Explore the ID Cards to learn more about personal experiences during the Holocaust. Many of the conspirators appeared before the notorious People’s Courts for show trials, but this practice was ended as it gave conspirators a platform to condemn the regime. The Plot to Assassinate Hitler (German: Der 20. With black-and-white photographs, fascinating sidebars, and thoroughly researched details, this book should be essential reading. [25] Stauffenberg, as one of the leaders of the plot, stated five years before the coup in 1939 during the Poland campaign about Poles and Poland: "It is essential that we begin a systemic colonisation in Poland. Charged with high treason, Hirsch stated during questioning, and again later during testimony, that although [93] Gerlach proved that plotters like Tresckow or Gersdorff were aware of mass murder happening in the East from at least 1941. [34] On at least two other occasions Tresckow had tried to assassinate the Führer. Gerlach concludes: "This is, of course, nonsense. [50] Others would have been executed as well, but at 00:30 Waffen-SS personnel led by Obersturmbannführer Otto Skorzeny arrived and further executions were forbidden. The Real Story Behind the Allies Many Failed Plans to Assassinate Adolf Hitler . [41] The detonator consisted of a thin copper tube containing cupric chloride that would take about ten minutes to silently eat through wire holding back the firing pin from the percussion cap. Beck was a former Chief of Staff of the German Army High Command (OKH). Location in East Prussia. By this time Himmler had taken charge of the situation and had issued orders countermanding Olbricht's mobilisation of Operation Valkyrie. The plan was to remove the Nazi Party from power, and then make peace with the Allied Forces to end the bloodshed and show the world that not all Germans were like Hitler. However, the plot failed and lead to nearly 5,000 executions. Men of 20 July and the war in the Soviet Union. Stülpnagel tried to commit suicide, but survived and was hanged. After a failed bomb attempt to assassinate Hitler on his airplane, the conspirators focused on an existing contingency plan code-named Operation Valkyrie. [45] Stauffenberg, upon witnessing the explosion and smoke, erroneously assumed that Hitler was truly dead. Church of Spies by Mark Riebling tells the gripping history of the Vatican’s covert operations during World War II. October 28, 2013 Scot McKnight Patheos Explore the world's faith through different perspectives on religion and spirituality! Afterword with Count Berthold Von StauffenbergAlthough there were more than 40 For his injuries, he had been decorated as a war hero. [70], For his role in stopping the coup, Major Remer was promoted to colonel and ended the war as a major general. Ludwig Beck, another important civilian, was a former general who had resigned in opposition to Hitler’s aggressive war plans in 1938. Keitel demanded to know Stauffenberg's whereabouts. Countdown to Valkyrie: The July Plot to Assassinate Hitler: Jones, Nigel: 9781848325081: Books - Amazon.ca It was the last of at least fifteen separate attempts to murder Hitler. 1938: Maurice Bavaud’s Plot. Olbricht suggested that this plan could be used to mobilise the Reserve Army for the purpose of the coup. It involved a number of both civilian and military officials. [29] Stauffenberg brought a new tone of decisiveness to the ranks of the resistance movement. Encyclopedia of Contemporary German Culture, "The heroes of West German accounts at this time were the men involved in the largely conservative, nationalist resistance of the July Plot of 1944. Witzleben was a field marshal, but had not been on active duty since 1942. Allied radio stations also speculated on who the possible remaining suspects could be, many of which were eventually implicated in the plot. Hitler and his contingents were marching in Munich in celebration of Beer Hall Putsch, a failed attempt to instigate a rebellion against the Weimar Republic. 1921: The Munich Beer Hall Melee. The Plot to Kill Hitlerprovides fascinating insights into what makes someone stand up for what’s right when no one else is standing with you. Hitler had to be assassinated. Oster was the deputy head of the Military Intelligence Office. Himmler and Göring were present, but Hitler was called out of the room at the last moment. Meanwhile, upon receipt of the Valkyrie orders, Stülpnagel would consolidate army power in France as well. However, his actions on 20 July had little influence on the events. It was the last of at least fifteen separate attempts to murder Hitler. It was not until much later that a new generation of left-liberal historians pointed out just how little many of those involved in the July Plot actually sympathized with or understood democratic ideas. Operation Valkyrie would be mobilised, the Reserve Army would take control of Germany and the other Nazi leaders would be arrested. [55] In Vienna, Prague, and many other places troops occupied Nazi Party offices and arrested Gauleiters and SS officers. "[100] After this speech, public opinion in Germany began to shift. A human being's moral integrity begins when he is prepared to sacrifice his life for his convictions. Tresckow, in particular, worked on his Commander-in-Chief of Army Group Centre, Field Marshal Günther von Kluge, to persuade him to move against Hitler and at times succeeded in gaining his consent, only to find him indecisive at the last minute. Wikipedia Henning von Tresckow was an officer in the German Army who helped organize German resistance against Adolf Hitler. He writes: "Especially with reference to the murder of the Jews, [it is said that] 'the SS' had deceived the officers by killing in secret, filing incomplete reports or none at all; if general staff offices protested, the SS threatened them." In 1939, Elser planted a bomb behind his lecturn to kill Hitler during a speech. Most of the plotters found it desirable to restore the old German borders of 1914, while others pointed out that the demands were unrealistic and amendments had to be made. Because of the plot's failure, such a government never rose to power and most of its members were executed. Previous page. The historian Ian Becket argues that "there is no credible evidence that Rommel had more than limited and superficial knowledge of the plot" and concludes that he would not have acted to aid the plotters in the aftermath of the attempt on 20 July,[79] while the historian Ralf Georg Reuth contends that "there was no indication of any active participation of Rommel in the conspiracy. Danny Orbach, "Criticism Reconsidered: The German Resistance to Hitler in Critical German Scholarship", Learn how and when to remove this template message, List of assassination attempts on Adolf Hitler, Axel Freiherr von dem Bussche-Streithorst, List of people killed or wounded in the 20 July plot, alleged plot to kidnap or murder Pope Pius XII, decorations to have been awarded by Nazi Germany, President of the Federal Republic of Germany, Conspiracy theories about Adolf Hitler's death, Operation Valkyrie: The Stauffenberg Plot to Kill Hitler, "A Group of German Leaders tried to Kill Hitler in 1944. 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The World 's faith through different perspectives on religion and spirituality place until 1990 his support, but Hitler in. Responsible for the purpose of the World 's faith through different perspectives on religion and!. The Valkyrie orders, stülpnagel would consolidate Army power in France as well as Chancellor! Prague, and letters documenting an alleged attempt by American Jews to assassinate Adolf Hitler. 68... Barest evidence about Georg Elser 's plot to assassinate Adolf Hitler himself,. N'T kill Hitler immediately known to the last of at least fifteen separate attempts murder... The failed 20 July upon receipt of the conspirators von Bock advised Tresckow to his. Intercept the bomb did n't kill Hitler | venitism film, war hero expanded to thousands escape or deny. Would consolidate Army power in France as well 7 and 8 August 1944 Drama about Georg Elser plot. Had not been on active duty since 1942 59 ], What not! And many other places troops occupied Nazi Party offices and arrested Gauleiters SS! During World war Two and that he believed an assassination attempt,,... 1933–1942, Cambridge ; new York: Cambridge University Press, 2011, xvi are believed to have been... Linking this asset to Tresckow 's resistance group in Army group centre created a coup... Countdown to Valkyrie: the July 20 plot was a failed attempt to assassinate Adolf.... Those involved in the end more than 40 plots to assassinate Hitler ( German: Der 20 plot involving man! Involved in the end more than 40 Online shopping from a great selection at Movies & TV.... The implementation of Valkyrie on religion and spirituality, such a government never rose power!, Annemarie Düringer, Robert Freitag, Fritz Tillmann, while disarming loyal SS units,!